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Pure Metals A pure metal solidifi es at a constant temperature equal to its freezing point, which is the same as its melting point. The melting points of pure metal are well known and documented. The process occurs over time called a cooling curve. The actual freezing takes time,  called the local solidification time in casting, during which the metal’s latent

In general, thermodynamics is an excellent starting point for many corrosion studies, and potential – pH diagrams are essential tools. For this reason, Pourbaix  diagrams continue to be developed for interpreting corrosion studies in specific systems of engineering importance.  As every good engineer knows, however, predictions must be tested experimentally and validated before using them,

XRD is the experimental technique primarily used to determine the geometrical arrangement of the atoms or molecules within matter (crystal structure). When a crystal is bombarded by a beam of X-rays, X-rays are scattered by electron shells, and the angles through which the beam is diffracted reveal the shape and dimensions of the crystal’s unit

The Rietveld method is a powerful to extracting detailed crystal structural information from X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. Since then structural details dictate much of the physical and chemical attributes of materials, knowledge of them is crucial to our understanding of those properties and our ability to manipulate them. Since most materials of technological